Circuitism is a term that can explain how the banks deal with and produce the money as well as how the firms hold their production and how their workers are contributing to the production and consumption and how that money, produced by the bank end up back in the bank as the result of the process.

Monetarist is an economist whose entire beliefs system is built on a notion that all of the monetary changes depend on the monetary supply. Monetarists strongly believe that all of the economic problems can be fixed by manipulating monetary supply of the country.

Calgary dollar is local equity that was developed by the city of Calgary in Alberta province, Canada. It is an extremely interesting phenomenon as this financial system is fully integrated into the national financial system of Canada. The currency was initially introduced to improve economic relations and increase self-regulations of the city.

Portfolio Is a gathering of trading assets like bonds, commodities, stocks, indices and equities including closed funds and mutual exchange-traded funds. Portfolio can also include non-publicly traded instrument like real-estate and private investments. Portfolios are regularly held by the assets managers or various financial professionals, who can also hold multiple portfolios.

Value stock is a stocks that is traded at a lower price than its fundamentals. You can say that dividends as well as earnings and sales can be called value stocks. The lower price makes the stocks more appealing to value investors.

Sour crude oil is the oil which contains high amount of sulfur. Its main difference from the sweet crude oil is the fact that it has to be worked through before it can be used. Therefore, products that come from the sour crude oil are going to be more expensive than the products coming from sweet crude oil.

Sweet crude oil is type of a commodity. Its main characteristic and the source of its name is a low sulfur content per barrel of the oil – less than 0.42 percent. Everything that is higher is called sour crude oil.

Bottom-dollar scam is a scheme often used by the fraudulent people who prey on the job-seekers. Bottom-dollar scam involves lying about the possible profits of the job-seeker as well as the conditions of the working environment and possibilities of professional growth.

Consumer confidence is an economic tool that helps measure the strength of the economy through the eyes of its consumers. The index helps understanding the level of economy, using the level of optimism and the level of spending that is implemented by the buyers.

Trading effect is one of the tools that help us measure the difference between the returns of the bond portfolio and any chosen benchmark. The difference comes up when portfolio goes through short-term alterations. Trading effect can also measure whether the current trade influence the portfolio in a good or in a bad way.